While the exact date of Kazan’s founding is disputed, the city celebrated its millennium in 2005, five years after being designated a World Heritage Site. Whether Kazan was founded by the Volga Bulgars or the Golden Horde in the fifteenth century is still undecided. Either way the city was the capital of the Khanate of Kazan until it was captured by Ivan the Terrible in 1552, and became the major industrial city on the Middle Volga in the 19th century. The city houses the unusual Annunciation Cathedral (1561-62), the mysterious leaning Syuyumbika Tower and the largest mosque in Russia. The American Corner opened in March 2001.